What is ICE?
The Importance of ICE~
Ice is abundant on the Earth's surface, in the planetary system, and in interstellar space. If all the ice presently existing on earth melted, sea level would rise to about 70 m. The melting of ice is a major concern for the survival and health of many species because this brings changes to their ecosystems and migration patterns. The emmission of "green house" gases from industrial plants have created holes in the ozone layer, causing the Earth to warm up. Hence, this "Green House Effect" is melting away the supply of ice. (Physics Encyclopedia, "Ice", 1998)
Ice is abundant on the Earth's surface, in the planetary system, and in interstellar space. If all the ice presently existing on earth melted, sea level would rise to about 70 m. The melting of ice is a major concern for the survival and health of many species because this brings changes to their ecosystems and migration patterns. The emmission of "green house" gases from industrial plants have created holes in the ozone layer, causing the Earth to warm up. Hence, this "Green House Effect" is melting away the supply of ice. (Physics Encyclopedia, "Ice", 1998)
Ice is the essential ingredient of moons, planets, and comets.
Take note of the ice compositions:
1)Pluto, the farthest planet from the Sun is 80% ice
2)Jupiter's moons Ganymede and Callisto contain 40% ice
3)Saturn's Titan contains 40% ice
Finally, the mass of the ice stored in the terrestrial polar ice sheets and in alpine glaciers is closely related to the climate. (Robinson, 1965)
Examples include a glacier and an iceberg.
Take note of the ice compositions:
1)Pluto, the farthest planet from the Sun is 80% ice
2)Jupiter's moons Ganymede and Callisto contain 40% ice
3)Saturn's Titan contains 40% ice
Finally, the mass of the ice stored in the terrestrial polar ice sheets and in alpine glaciers is closely related to the climate. (Robinson, 1965)
Examples include a glacier and an iceberg.
The STRUCTURE of ICE!
Ice is the solid state of water. The freezing point of water and melting point of ice are at 0*C. Since ice expands when frozen, it has a lower density compared to water; this is why ice floats in water.
-water expands when it freezes
-an increase of pressure lowers the melting point of ice.
Now at a pressure 100 times the normal atmospheric pressure, the melting point of ice is only about 1*C less than at normal pressure.
Allotropes are different variations of the molecule that exists in the same physical state.
Allotropes of ice are formed at higher pressures.
The ice wee see in drinks or skating rinks is called Ice 1 or Ice-h. Ice-h means that a hexagonal lattice occurs when the ice is frozen or is in the form of snow.
There are eight other known allotropes of ice. They are named from "Ice II" to "Ice IX".
ie. <Ice II, Ice III, Ice IV, Ice V, Ice VI, Ice VII, Ice VIII, and Ice IX>.
(Hold this thought!)
These allotropes are created in laboratories. Say what?
Also, these allotropes are denser than water and their melting points rise with increased pressure.
*At about 6000 atm (about 6200 kg per sq cm) the melting point is still 0*C and at a pressure of 20,000 atm (about 20,700 kg per sq cm) the melting point rises above 80*C.
Source:
(Physics Encyclopedia, "Allotropes of Ice", 1998)
What's so ordinary?
The hexagonal crystal structure of Ice I, also known as, "Ordinary ICE"
....(more below)
Phases of ICE
LEFT: What are the phases of ice? Take a guess! I really don't have a clue, either.
(Below:)
This bottom figure shows the nine phases of ice as a function of temperature and pressure.
(Below:)
This bottom figure shows the nine phases of ice as a function of temperature and pressure.
- Normal ice exists in the region marked Ih (the first block from just left of the origin and touching zero degrees celcius).
- NO doubt, liquid water (h20) is the top zone, and the Temperature vs. Pressure relationship follows the pattern of freezing and boiling points for water of which you've most likely, in your class experiments, traced out. However, since pressure enters the equation, and not just temperature vs. time (like your experiments held in class), the graph here doesn't indicate what shall happen to the liquid water when it becomes a vapor (gaseous state). I will personally research this aspect of vapor and get back to you, albeit, we're digressing away from ice here!!! So much for ice!
- The 'h' stands for hexagonal. The graph shows other idiosyncratic forms of ice. Source: Hobbs, 1970, p. 61
Click to see larger diagram
ICE 1 , Ice 2, Ice 3, Ice 4, Ice 5, Ice 6, Ice 7, Ice 8, Ice 9
You just learned that we absolutely cannot live without Ice 1 or Ice-h.
Ice-h means that a hexagonal lattice occurs when the ice is frozen or is in the form of snow. Without Ice-h, there will be no ice age, and without any ice yesterday, today, or in the future, there will be no ice hockey! If there were to be an ice age in the future, would the conditions permit us to continue play ice hockey? Stay tuned...our researchers will find out!
If Pluto is no longer a planet, then does this mean that there could be ICE X (or Ice 10), or ice Eleven?
What are the phases of ICE in other planets? (Scary thought, or a scary universe?)
Ice-h means that a hexagonal lattice occurs when the ice is frozen or is in the form of snow. Without Ice-h, there will be no ice age, and without any ice yesterday, today, or in the future, there will be no ice hockey! If there were to be an ice age in the future, would the conditions permit us to continue play ice hockey? Stay tuned...our researchers will find out!
If Pluto is no longer a planet, then does this mean that there could be ICE X (or Ice 10), or ice Eleven?
What are the phases of ICE in other planets? (Scary thought, or a scary universe?)
There's more to discover, but then again...
Click to see actual diagram
Whalley and his team discovered the last phase known to mankind, and named it "Ice IX" in 1963.
(click on image, left, to download the larger, original diagram)
(click on image, left, to download the larger, original diagram)
|| Icy E-Quote for the Allotropes of ice:
"Except at temperatures lower than those occurring naturally on the earth, none of these ices can exist at pressures of less than 2000 atm. Since the thickest ice sheet in the world - in Antarctica - is less than 4000 m thick, corresponding to a maximum pressure at the base of the ice of about 350 atm, it is clear that none of these artificial ices can normally exist on the earth."
~~(Pounder, 1965, p. 10)
"Except at temperatures lower than those occurring naturally on the earth, none of these ices can exist at pressures of less than 2000 atm. Since the thickest ice sheet in the world - in Antarctica - is less than 4000 m thick, corresponding to a maximum pressure at the base of the ice of about 350 atm, it is clear that none of these artificial ices can normally exist on the earth."
~~(Pounder, 1965, p. 10)
More media will be added, please be patient!
Original Screenshot, 2001
